EstervQrCode 1.1.1
Library for qr code manipulation
Classes | Enumerations | Functions | Variables
Histograms
Image Processing

Classes

class  cv::CLAHE
 Base class for Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization. More...
 

Enumerations

enum  cv::HistCompMethods {
  cv::HISTCMP_CORREL = 0 , cv::HISTCMP_CHISQR = 1 , cv::HISTCMP_INTERSECT = 2 , cv::HISTCMP_BHATTACHARYYA = 3 ,
  cv::HISTCMP_HELLINGER = HISTCMP_BHATTACHARYYA , cv::HISTCMP_CHISQR_ALT = 4 , cv::HISTCMP_KL_DIV = 5
}
 

Functions

CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcHist (const Mat *images, int nimages, const int *channels, InputArray mask, OutputArray hist, int dims, const int *histSize, const float **ranges, bool uniform=true, bool accumulate=false)
 Calculates a histogram of a set of arrays. More...
 
CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcHist (const Mat *images, int nimages, const int *channels, InputArray mask, SparseMat &hist, int dims, const int *histSize, const float **ranges, bool uniform=true, bool accumulate=false)
 
CV_EXPORTS_W void cv::calcHist (InputArrayOfArrays images, const std::vector< int > &channels, InputArray mask, OutputArray hist, const std::vector< int > &histSize, const std::vector< float > &ranges, bool accumulate=false)
 
CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcBackProject (const Mat *images, int nimages, const int *channels, InputArray hist, OutputArray backProject, const float **ranges, double scale=1, bool uniform=true)
 Calculates the back projection of a histogram. More...
 
CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcBackProject (const Mat *images, int nimages, const int *channels, const SparseMat &hist, OutputArray backProject, const float **ranges, double scale=1, bool uniform=true)
 
CV_EXPORTS_W void cv::calcBackProject (InputArrayOfArrays images, const std::vector< int > &channels, InputArray hist, OutputArray dst, const std::vector< float > &ranges, double scale)
 
CV_EXPORTS_W double cv::compareHist (InputArray H1, InputArray H2, int method)
 Compares two histograms. More...
 
CV_EXPORTS double cv::compareHist (const SparseMat &H1, const SparseMat &H2, int method)
 
CV_EXPORTS_W void cv::equalizeHist (InputArray src, OutputArray dst)
 Equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image. More...
 
CV_EXPORTS_W Ptr< CLAHE > cv::createCLAHE (double clipLimit=40.0, Size tileGridSize=Size(8, 8))
 Creates a smart pointer to a cv::CLAHE class and initializes it. More...
 
CV_EXPORTS float cv::EMD (InputArray signature1, InputArray signature2, int distType, InputArray cost=noArray(), float *lowerBound=0, OutputArray flow=noArray())
 Computes the "minimal work" distance between two weighted point configurations. More...
 
 cv::CV_EXPORTS_AS (EMD) float wrapperEMD(InputArray signature1
 

Variables

InputArray cv::signature2
 
InputArray int cv::distType
 
InputArray int InputArray cv::cost =noArray()
 
InputArray int InputArray CV_IN_OUT Ptr< float > cv::lowerBound = Ptr<float>()
 
InputArray int InputArray CV_IN_OUT Ptr< float > OutputArray cv::flow = noArray() )
 

Detailed Description

Enumeration Type Documentation

◆ HistCompMethods

enum cv::HistCompMethods

Histogram comparison methods

Enumerator
HISTCMP_CORREL 

Correlation

\[d(H_1,H_2) = \frac{\sum_I (H_1(I) - \bar{H_1}) (H_2(I) - \bar{H_2})}{\sqrt{\sum_I(H_1(I) - \bar{H_1})^2 \sum_I(H_2(I) - \bar{H_2})^2}}\]

where

\[\bar{H_k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum _J H_k(J)\]

and $N$ is a total number of histogram bins.

HISTCMP_CHISQR 

Chi-Square

\[d(H_1,H_2) = \sum _I \frac{\left(H_1(I)-H_2(I)\right)^2}{H_1(I)}\]

HISTCMP_INTERSECT 

Intersection

\[d(H_1,H_2) = \sum _I \min (H_1(I), H_2(I))\]

HISTCMP_BHATTACHARYYA 

Bhattacharyya distance (In fact, OpenCV computes Hellinger distance, which is related to Bhattacharyya coefficient.)

\[d(H_1,H_2) = \sqrt{1 - \frac{1}{\sqrt{\bar{H_1} \bar{H_2} N^2}} \sum_I \sqrt{H_1(I) \cdot H_2(I)}}\]

HISTCMP_HELLINGER 

Synonym for HISTCMP_BHATTACHARYYA.

HISTCMP_CHISQR_ALT 

Alternative Chi-Square

\[d(H_1,H_2) = 2 * \sum _I \frac{\left(H_1(I)-H_2(I)\right)^2}{H_1(I)+H_2(I)}\]

This alternative formula is regularly used for texture comparison. See e.g. [Puzicha1997]

HISTCMP_KL_DIV 

Kullback-Leibler divergence

\[d(H_1,H_2) = \sum _I H_1(I) \log \left(\frac{H_1(I)}{H_2(I)}\right)\]

Function Documentation

◆ calcBackProject() [1/3]

CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcBackProject ( const Mat *  images,
int  nimages,
const int *  channels,
const SparseMat &  hist,
OutputArray  backProject,
const float **  ranges,
double  scale = 1,
bool  uniform = true 
)

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

◆ calcBackProject() [2/3]

CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcBackProject ( const Mat *  images,
int  nimages,
const int *  channels,
InputArray  hist,
OutputArray  backProject,
const float **  ranges,
double  scale = 1,
bool  uniform = true 
)

Calculates the back projection of a histogram.

The function cv::calcBackProject calculates the back project of the histogram. That is, similarly to calcHist , at each location (x, y) the function collects the values from the selected channels in the input images and finds the corresponding histogram bin. But instead of incrementing it, the function reads the bin value, scales it by scale , and stores in backProject(x,y) . In terms of statistics, the function computes probability of each element value in respect with the empirical probability distribution represented by the histogram. See how, for example, you can find and track a bright-colored object in a scene:

  • Before tracking, show the object to the camera so that it covers almost the whole frame. Calculate a hue histogram. The histogram may have strong maximums, corresponding to the dominant colors in the object.
  • When tracking, calculate a back projection of a hue plane of each input video frame using that pre-computed histogram. Threshold the back projection to suppress weak colors. It may also make sense to suppress pixels with non-sufficient color saturation and too dark or too bright pixels.
  • Find connected components in the resulting picture and choose, for example, the largest component.

This is an approximate algorithm of the CamShift color object tracker.

Parameters
imagesSource arrays. They all should have the same depth, CV_8U, CV_16U or CV_32F , and the same size. Each of them can have an arbitrary number of channels.
nimagesNumber of source images.
channelsThe list of channels used to compute the back projection. The number of channels must match the histogram dimensionality. The first array channels are numerated from 0 to images[0].channels()-1 , the second array channels are counted from images[0].channels() to images[0].channels() + images[1].channels()-1, and so on.
histInput histogram that can be dense or sparse.
backProjectDestination back projection array that is a single-channel array of the same size and depth as images[0] .
rangesArray of arrays of the histogram bin boundaries in each dimension. See calcHist .
scaleOptional scale factor for the output back projection.
uniformFlag indicating whether the histogram is uniform or not (see calcHist).
See also
calcHist, compareHist

◆ calcBackProject() [3/3]

CV_EXPORTS_W void cv::calcBackProject ( InputArrayOfArrays  images,
const std::vector< int > &  channels,
InputArray  hist,
OutputArray  dst,
const std::vector< float > &  ranges,
double  scale 
)

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

◆ calcHist() [1/3]

CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcHist ( const Mat *  images,
int  nimages,
const int *  channels,
InputArray  mask,
OutputArray  hist,
int  dims,
const int *  histSize,
const float **  ranges,
bool  uniform = true,
bool  accumulate = false 
)

Calculates a histogram of a set of arrays.

The function cv::calcHist calculates the histogram of one or more arrays. The elements of a tuple used to increment a histogram bin are taken from the corresponding input arrays at the same location. The sample below shows how to compute a 2D Hue-Saturation histogram for a color image. :

Parameters
imagesSource arrays. They all should have the same depth, CV_8U, CV_16U or CV_32F , and the same size. Each of them can have an arbitrary number of channels.
nimagesNumber of source images.
channelsList of the dims channels used to compute the histogram. The first array channels are numerated from 0 to images[0].channels()-1 , the second array channels are counted from images[0].channels() to images[0].channels() + images[1].channels()-1, and so on.
maskOptional mask. If the matrix is not empty, it must be an 8-bit array of the same size as images[i] . The non-zero mask elements mark the array elements counted in the histogram.
histOutput histogram, which is a dense or sparse dims -dimensional array.
dimsHistogram dimensionality that must be positive and not greater than CV_MAX_DIMS (equal to 32 in the current OpenCV version).
histSizeArray of histogram sizes in each dimension.
rangesArray of the dims arrays of the histogram bin boundaries in each dimension. When the histogram is uniform ( uniform =true), then for each dimension i it is enough to specify the lower (inclusive) boundary $L_0$ of the 0-th histogram bin and the upper (exclusive) boundary $U_{\texttt{histSize}[i]-1}$ for the last histogram bin histSize[i]-1 . That is, in case of a uniform histogram each of ranges[i] is an array of 2 elements. When the histogram is not uniform ( uniform=false ), then each of ranges[i] contains histSize[i]+1 elements: $L_0, U_0=L_1, U_1=L_2, ..., U_{\texttt{histSize[i]}-2}=L_{\texttt{histSize[i]}-1}, U_{\texttt{histSize[i]}-1}$ . The array elements, that are not between $L_0$ and $U_{\texttt{histSize[i]}-1}$ , are not counted in the histogram.
uniformFlag indicating whether the histogram is uniform or not (see above).
accumulateAccumulation flag. If it is set, the histogram is not cleared in the beginning when it is allocated. This feature enables you to compute a single histogram from several sets of arrays, or to update the histogram in time.

◆ calcHist() [2/3]

CV_EXPORTS void cv::calcHist ( const Mat *  images,
int  nimages,
const int *  channels,
InputArray  mask,
SparseMat &  hist,
int  dims,
const int *  histSize,
const float **  ranges,
bool  uniform = true,
bool  accumulate = false 
)

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

this variant uses SparseMat for output

◆ calcHist() [3/3]

CV_EXPORTS_W void cv::calcHist ( InputArrayOfArrays  images,
const std::vector< int > &  channels,
InputArray  mask,
OutputArray  hist,
const std::vector< int > &  histSize,
const std::vector< float > &  ranges,
bool  accumulate = false 
)

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

this variant supports only uniform histograms.

ranges argument is either empty vector or a flattened vector of histSize.size()*2 elements (histSize.size() element pairs). The first and second elements of each pair specify the lower and upper boundaries.

◆ compareHist() [1/2]

CV_EXPORTS double cv::compareHist ( const SparseMat &  H1,
const SparseMat &  H2,
int  method 
)

This is an overloaded member function, provided for convenience. It differs from the above function only in what argument(s) it accepts.

◆ compareHist() [2/2]

CV_EXPORTS_W double cv::compareHist ( InputArray  H1,
InputArray  H2,
int  method 
)

Compares two histograms.

The function cv::compareHist compares two dense or two sparse histograms using the specified method.

The function returns $d(H_1, H_2)$ .

While the function works well with 1-, 2-, 3-dimensional dense histograms, it may not be suitable for high-dimensional sparse histograms. In such histograms, because of aliasing and sampling problems, the coordinates of non-zero histogram bins can slightly shift. To compare such histograms or more general sparse configurations of weighted points, consider using the EMD function.

Parameters
H1First compared histogram.
H2Second compared histogram of the same size as H1 .
methodComparison method, see HistCompMethods

◆ createCLAHE()

CV_EXPORTS_W Ptr<CLAHE> cv::createCLAHE ( double  clipLimit = 40.0,
Size  tileGridSize = Size(8, 8) 
)

Creates a smart pointer to a cv::CLAHE class and initializes it.

Parameters
clipLimitThreshold for contrast limiting.
tileGridSizeSize of grid for histogram equalization. Input image will be divided into equally sized rectangular tiles. tileGridSize defines the number of tiles in row and column.

◆ CV_EXPORTS_AS()

cv::CV_EXPORTS_AS ( EMD  )

◆ EMD()

CV_EXPORTS float cv::EMD ( InputArray  signature1,
InputArray  signature2,
int  distType,
InputArray  cost = noArray(),
float *  lowerBound = 0,
OutputArray  flow = noArray() 
)

Computes the "minimal work" distance between two weighted point configurations.

The function computes the earth mover distance and/or a lower boundary of the distance between the two weighted point configurations. One of the applications described in [RubnerSept98], [Rubner2000] is multi-dimensional histogram comparison for image retrieval. EMD is a transportation problem that is solved using some modification of a simplex algorithm, thus the complexity is exponential in the worst case, though, on average it is much faster. In the case of a real metric the lower boundary can be calculated even faster (using linear-time algorithm) and it can be used to determine roughly whether the two signatures are far enough so that they cannot relate to the same object.

Parameters
signature1First signature, a $\texttt{size1}\times \texttt{dims}+1$ floating-point matrix. Each row stores the point weight followed by the point coordinates. The matrix is allowed to have a single column (weights only) if the user-defined cost matrix is used. The weights must be non-negative and have at least one non-zero value.
signature2Second signature of the same format as signature1 , though the number of rows may be different. The total weights may be different. In this case an extra "dummy" point is added to either signature1 or signature2. The weights must be non-negative and have at least one non-zero value.
distTypeUsed metric. See DistanceTypes.
costUser-defined $\texttt{size1}\times \texttt{size2}$ cost matrix. Also, if a cost matrix is used, lower boundary lowerBound cannot be calculated because it needs a metric function.
lowerBoundOptional input/output parameter: lower boundary of a distance between the two signatures that is a distance between mass centers. The lower boundary may not be calculated if the user-defined cost matrix is used, the total weights of point configurations are not equal, or if the signatures consist of weights only (the signature matrices have a single column). You must** initialize *lowerBound . If the calculated distance between mass centers is greater or equal to *lowerBound (it means that the signatures are far enough), the function does not calculate EMD. In any case *lowerBound is set to the calculated distance between mass centers on return. Thus, if you want to calculate both distance between mass centers and EMD, *lowerBound should be set to 0.
flowResultant $\texttt{size1} \times \texttt{size2}$ flow matrix: $\texttt{flow}_{i,j}$ is a flow from $i$ -th point of signature1 to $j$ -th point of signature2 .

◆ equalizeHist()

CV_EXPORTS_W void cv::equalizeHist ( InputArray  src,
OutputArray  dst 
)

Equalizes the histogram of a grayscale image.

The function equalizes the histogram of the input image using the following algorithm:

  • Calculate the histogram $H$ for src .
  • Normalize the histogram so that the sum of histogram bins is 255.
  • Compute the integral of the histogram:

    \[H'_i = \sum _{0 \le j < i} H(j)\]

  • Transform the image using $H'$ as a look-up table: $\texttt{dst}(x,y) = H'(\texttt{src}(x,y))$

The algorithm normalizes the brightness and increases the contrast of the image.

Parameters
srcSource 8-bit single channel image.
dstDestination image of the same size and type as src .

Variable Documentation

◆ cost

InputArray int InputArray cv::cost =noArray()

◆ distType

InputArray int cv::distType

◆ flow

InputArray int InputArray CV_IN_OUT Ptr<float> OutputArray cv::flow = noArray() )

◆ lowerBound

InputArray int InputArray CV_IN_OUT Ptr<float> cv::lowerBound = Ptr<float>()

◆ signature2

InputArray cv::signature2